Pro-Palestinian and pro-Israeli supporters converge at a demonstration of New York University students in November.

Pro-Palestinian and pro-Israeli supporters converge at a demonstration of New York University students in November. / Corbis via Getty Images

The conflict between Israel and Hamas is testing the limits of free speech across college campuses. And it's also affecting those who study the Middle East.

Who are they? They are the scholars who research and teach about the Middle East on college campuses in the U.S.

  • A recent poll — conducted by the University of Maryland and George Washington University called the Middle East Scholar Barometer — surveyed 936 people, including professors and graduate students.
  • It asked them if and how they self-censor when they speak about the Middle East generally, and about the Israeli-Palestinian issue specifically.

What did it find? Notably, it found that a clear majority of U.S.-based scholars (69%) didn't just feel the need to self-censor when speaking about the Middle East in general, but specifically in academic and professional settings.

  • The poll found the scholars were also more likely to self-censor when talking about Israeli-Palestinian issues, with 82% saying they felt the need to do so.
  • Asked on which issue they most felt the need to self-censor, 81% said criticisms of Israel, while only 11% said criticisms of Palestinians and 2% said criticisms of U.S. policy.
  • Asked why they limited their speech about the Palestinian-Israeli issue, 60% of U.S.-based respondents said it was due to concern about campus culture and offending students; 53% cited concern about pressure from external advocacy groups; 40% were concerned about discipline from academic administrators; and 19% thought it could affect institutional fundraising.

Want to learn more on this conflict? Listen to Consider This on whether Biden's unconditional support of Israel is nearing its limit.

Members of Columbia University's faculty hold a protest in support of free speech on the Columbia University campus in November.

Members of Columbia University's faculty hold a protest in support of free speech on the Columbia University campus in November. / Getty Images

What are people saying? The poll was conducted by Shibley Telhami — a professor of government and politics and the director of the University of Maryland Critical Issues Poll — and Marc Lynch — a professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University.

Telhami spoke to All Things Considered host Ari Shapiro about the findings and how the academic climate has shifted.

On the motivations for scholars choosing to self-censor:

The key is that most of it was actually fear rather than sensitivity. And so that was fascinating.

There are many who self-censor because they got advice from senior colleagues or from administrators not to say anything that might be interpreted offensively by people, and it wouldn't be good for their careers, particularly assistant professors and graduate students.

So that's not exactly self-censorship because you're sensitive. It's more about worried about the consequences. We had a lot of colleagues who said they were not invited when the university held events on their very issue of expertise because they were worried that their views may not conform to what is needed on campus.

There were some who were told by administrators to watch out what they say publicly. So we were struck by the kind of atmosphere that a lot of our colleagues across U.S. campuses faced on this issue, much more than I would have expected.

On how it is playing out:

I think the universities are facing different pressures. One of the pressures, obviously, we do have real, genuine increases in antisemitism, Islamophobia, anti-Palestinian, anti-Israeli sentiment.

And universities have to manage all that, and make sure that all their people feel safe. A lot of it is genuine — there's nothing un-genuine about it — it has to be taken seriously.

But there are a lot of groups that act disproportionately on some of the issues. And undoubtedly a lot of the scholars who follow the issue feel that the public space does not conform to their own professional interpretations of Israel-Palestine. So they're concerned about criticizing Israel publicly.

On the importance of gauging the experiences of scholars:

When you explain violence, you are not embracing violence. This is something that we as social scientists all, of course, understand. We never have to repeat to ourselves.

But society around us does not get it all the time because they think you're taking side when you're explaining why things happen. But if you don't explain why things happen, you're going to repeat the same mistake over and over and over again.

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Tags: college campuses  Freedom of Speech  Hamas  Israel  Gaza  Series: Main Character of the Day  Series: Middle East crisis — explained