At sale barns, like this one in Kingsville, Missouri, cattlemen still bid openly for breeding stock. Meat packers once bought on the open market, too.
Butler set out to change the cattle industry. But he ran into many hurdles, not least of which was fierce opposition from meatpackers, who exert a lot of influence in Washignton, D.C.
Meatpacking is a business cattleman Shawn Meyer will tell you gets harder all the time. "Seems like the smaller go away, and the bigger just get a little bigger," says Meyer.
More than half a million families have stopped raising cattle in the last three decades. Some say efficiency and economies of scale fully account for the decline. Others blame a revolution in the way livestock is sold.
Meat packers once bought cattle on the open market. But those days are over, says Steve Kay, the publisher of Cattle Buyers Weekly. The four big packing companies now buy mostly on contract a more sophisticated and efficient arrangement.
"It rewards producers who produce the most consistent, highest quality cattle, so that we can then produce more consistent, high quality beef for consumers," Kay says.
Packers get a guaranteed supply; cattle producers get a guaranteed market. That's good for everybody, according to Mark Dopp, senior vice president of the American Meat Institute.
"That working relationship gives everyone some certainty and removes risk," says Dopp. "But it also removes a measure of independence, and that rankles some small producers."
This happened in the poultry industry years ago. Now, fewer producers raise a whole lot more birds, and work governed closely by contracts with packers.
Fred Stokes, a Mississippi cattleman who runs the Organization for Competitive Markets, says beef is next.
"We call it 'chickenization,'" says Stokes. "Go the way the poultry guy is, where the farmer owns the land, totes the mortgage, does the work, but is under contract to someone who determines how much he's going to get paid."
And if that pay seems unfairly low, well, Stokes says there's not much a producer can do about it under the current interpretation of the Packers and Stockyards Act.
This is where Dudley Butler comes in. A lawyer with experience suing poultry processors, Butler took over the Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration determined to make litigation against packers easier.
Stokes, a friend of Butler, saw hope for the family farm. Stokes says this was unprecedented.
The USDA linked up with the U.S. Justice Department to launch a massive study of antitrust issues in agriculture, which lead to five big public hearings. Christine Varney was an assistant attorney general leading a freshly invigorated antitrust department, launching investigations and working with Butler. Now, Varney says she's sad to see Butler step down.
"I think he has a done a great job for the farmers of America, and it's a great loss to the Department of Agriculture, but these are tough jobs and everybody serves their time," says Varney. In fact, Varney herself resigned last summer.
Bill Bullard runs R-Calf USA, a cattleman's advocacy organization. He says Butler and Varney were part of the reformist team that was supposed to restore competition to the market. "Now they are all gone, and we have seen no improvement, whatsoever in the ongoing erosion of competition," says Bullard.
Of course, that's not the way major meat packing and livestock groups see it. They say what Bullard would call increased and transparent competition for cattle would have thrown a monkey wrench into the beef industry. It would be big enough to cost thousands of jobs, millions of dollars and significantly raise the price of beef, they say.
In the end the U.S. House of Representatives refused to fund implementation of a proposed change to a rule that would have forced beef packers to change the way they do business. So, after a long fight, the big meat packing companies will keep their efficient production system, while smaller producers continue to scramble for their place in the modern meat industry.
Copyright 2012 National Public Radio. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.
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