Strikes hobbled public transit across France and in London on Tuesday, with tourists and commuters bearing the brunt of a wave of discontent over government austerity measures.
French unions' major nationwide strike cut service on trains, planes, buses and subways, while post offices and schools also shut down. Hundreds of thousands of people were expected to take to the streets over President Nicolas Sarkozy's plans to raise the retirement age from 60 to 62.
Across the English Channel, millions struggled to get to work and tourists hurriedly revamped their travel plans as a strike by London Underground workers closed much of the city's subway system. It was the first of several such 24-hour strikes planned for this fall.
"I'm just getting tired of this because this is not the first time," said Henda Fersi, at the Part- Dieu train station in Lyon, in southeast France. "I understand the strikers' point of view but, still, they put us in a difficult situation and we are penalized."
The strikes came as European Union finance ministers met in Brussels amid worries that the government debt crises that alarmed markets worldwide earlier this year could flare up again. The ministers are discussing introducing a levy on banks and whether a tax on financial transactions can deal with another banking crisis.
Commuters in Paris packed into limited subway cars or drove during the reduced service, while London buses overflowed with passengers and congestion clogged British highways. City sidewalks were full of walkers and thousands of bikers took to the streets in both European capitals.
Civil aviation authorities asked airlines to cancel a quarter of their flights at Paris' airports. Only two out of every five of France's famed high-speed trains are scheduled to run during the strike, which began Monday evening and ends Tuesday night.
Surveys show that 73 percent of the French people support those on strike, despite the inconveniences.
"We know we're going to have to work longer and there's no more money. But people are against the government right now, so they're in the mood to support the strikers," said 27-year-old architect Sebastien Compere, who backs retirement reform. He said he left two hours earlier to get to work.
The French strike coincides with the start of debate in parliament over a plan to overhaul the money-losing pension system so it will break even in 2018. The government insists the reform is essential as people are living longer, and it has urged everyone to show "courage" as it tries to chip away at the huge national debt.
The French retirement age of 60 is already among the lowest in Europe. In contrast, neighboring Germany has decided to bump up the retirement age from 65 to 67 and the U.S. Social Security system is gradually raising the retirement age to 67 as well.
Unions were hoping to mobilize 2 million street protesters at more than 200 demonstrations across France on Tuesday, after a similar effort in June drew nearly 800,000 people. They were banking on Sarkozy's increasing unpopularity due to summer scandals to swell the ranks of protesters and turn Tuesday's demonstration into a political force.
"The French trusted him to push through reforms that previous presidents didn't dare push through, but in many ways, he has squandered the credit that he had at the beginning," said Anne-Elisabeth Moutet, a French columnist with Britain's Sunday Telegraph newspaper. "His popularity has gone down steadily -- he has been defined as the man who is tied to the rich, and he has squandered political credit."
Unions say the French government is attacking one of the country's most cherished social protections.
"If the government wants the next step to go well, it has to give a serious response to the proposals that we ourselves have made," said Francois Chereque, who heads the moderate CFDT union.
Chereque told the RTL station he wants Tuesday's protests to "restore hope" for citizens while putting pressure on the parliamentary debate.
Labor Minister Eric Woerth has said the government will press ahead with the retirement reforms no matter how strong the protest turnout is. Leftist political parties, a leading human rights group as well as student associations have urged members to join in.
The French SNCF rail network said that 80 percent of Thalys trains to Belgium and the Netherlands will not be affected, and Eurostar trains to Britain are expected to run normally. Train cancellations also frustrated passengers in neighboring Switzerland.
Post offices were also hit by strikes, as well as newspapers and some radio stations.
French teachers joined in to protest the government's education policies. The Education Ministry said 30 percent of primary school teachers were staying home Tuesday.
The thousands of London maintenance workers, drivers and station staff who walked out say job cuts will hurt service and safety.
Some Paris commuters resorted to the city's rental bicycle system, Velib, but not all were happy about it.
"It was a success, but it was dangerous," said Antonia Gilles.
NPR's Eleanor Beardsley reported from Paris for this story, which also contains material from The Associated Press. [Copyright 2010 National Public Radio]
